The Patriot Act was passed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The Patriot Act officially stands for "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism." The purpose of the Patriot Act is to prevent future terrorist attacks from occurring in the United States and abroad. If the government believes its citizens or non-citizens are somehow involved in terrorist activities, then the U.S. government can expand it authority to further investigate the suspicion. Some actions that normally would have been considered unacceptable in the past are now permissible in an effort to provide a more secure nation. Examples of these actions under the Patriot Act include federal officers being able to enter and search anyone’s home if they suspect terrorist activities or links. Under the new regulations of the Patriot Act, federal officers are not required to inform U.S. citizens or non-citizens that their home will be searched. Instead, notification of the search may be delayed for seven days or continuously postponed afterwards. The officers are also allowed to gain access to private medical, library, business and educational records. In addition, officers can monitor the use of Internet, email and telephone. The requirements for “probable cause” have been lowered by the Patriot Act. Probable cause refers to having to show the U.S. courts that there is evidence of a crime. Some groups like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argue that the Patriot Act violates certain amendments and expands the role of government in our lives. The ACLU also maintains that the Patriot Act doesn't respect the civil liberties of United States citizens and residents.

Controversy also surrounds the Patriot Act because it was approved by Congress within a very short time frame. The act was passed on October 23, 2001 in the House of Representatives and two days after in the Senate. There was modest opposition which made some citizens and non-citizens wonder if the Representatives and Senators had taken the time to read and fully understand the provisions. The Patriot Act was divided into ten titles which include:

1. Enhancing domestic security against terrorism
2. Enhanced surveillance procedures
3. International money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing act of 2001
4. Protecting the border
5. Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism
6. Providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers and their families
7. Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection
8. Strengthening the criminal laws against terrorism
9. Improved intelligence and
10. Miscellaneous

When President Bush signed the Patriot Act back in October 26, 2001 it contained some permanent and temporary provisions. The temporary provisions would expire after a certain time period unless they were renewed by Congress and signed into law by the president. Both branches renewed the temporary provisions in early March 2006 and President Bush signed the renewal into law on March 9, 2006.

In terms of immigration, the Patriot Act increased the authority of the INS or what is currently known as the USCIS to track down illegal immigrants with terrorist ties. For example, the USCIS has access to some of the FBI’s systems like the Wanted Persons File and the NCIC-III. These systems allow the USCIS to check the criminal history of visa applicants. The USCIS is also authorized to make inadmissible the spouse and children of illegal immigrants who have some ties to terrorism within the last five years. The spouses and children who have some association with a terrorist organization and have intentions of committing a terrorist act will automatically be excluded. The Attorney General must go through a certain procedure to classify an illegal immigrant as a terrorist. The illegal immigrant is placed in removal proceedings, charged with a criminal offense or either released within seven days of being taken into custody. In addition, the illegal immigrants accused of terrorist ties or acts may be held indefinitely with no counsel access for up to periods of six months if they are found to pose a threat to national security. The Patriot Act calls for the integrated entry and exit data system which is under section 110 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA) of 1996 to be expedited. When it comes to foreign students, the U.S. Attorney General must track them by setting up a database. This database includes information on their date of entry and port of entry. The Attorney General must also grant approval for foreign students to attend flight schools, vocational schools and language training schools. Essentially what the Patriot Act has done is make it more difficult for non-citizens to gain U.S. permanent residency, citizenship, visas and work permits due to the added requirements. A high ranking official in the USCIS said that if there are any doubts regarding an applicant then they do not receive approval. Government standards have become stricter and background checks have become more critical.